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Analysis of the development trend of precision machining technology in the 21st century
August 07, 2023
Ultra-Precision Machining refers to the processing of sub-micron (size error 0.3-0.03 μm, surface roughness Ra 0.03 to 0.005 μm) and nano-scale (accuracy error 0.03 μm, surface roughness less than Ra 0.005 μm). The process and technical measures taken to achieve these processes are called superfinishing techniques. Coupled with measurement technology, environmental protection and materials, people call this technology super-fine engineering. Ultra-precision machining mainly includes three fields: ultra-precision machining, such as ultra-precision cutting of diamond tools, and processing of various mirrors. It has successfully solved the processing of large parabolic mirrors for laser nuclear fusion systems and astronomical telescopes. Ultra-precision grinding and grinding processes such as coating surface processing of high-density hard disks and processing of large-scale integrated circuit substrates. Ultra-precision special processing such as large-scale integrated circuit chip graphics are processed by electron beam, ion beam etching, line width up to 0.1μm. If processed by scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STM), the line width can reach 2~5nm.
a. Ultra-precision cutting
Ultra-precision cutting begins with SPDT technology, which is supported by air bearing spindles, pneumatic slides, high rigidity, high precision tools, feedback control and ambient temperature control to achieve nanometer surface roughness. It is widely used in diamond tool milling, and is widely used in copper planar and aspheric optical components, plexiglass, plastic products (such as camera plastic lenses, contact lens lenses, etc.), ceramics and composite materials processing. The future trend is to use coating technology to improve the wear of diamond tools in the process of hardening steel. In addition, the processing of tiny parts such as MEMS components requires small tools. At present, the size of small tools can reach 50-100μm. However, if the processing geometry is sub-micron or even nano-scale, the tool diameter must be further reduced. The development trend is to use nano-materials. For example, carbon nanotubes are used to make turning tools or milling cutters with ultra-small tool diameters.
b. Ultra-precision grinding
Ultra-precision grinding is a mirror grinding method developed on the basis of general precision grinding. The key technology is the dressing of diamond grinding wheel, which makes the abrasive grain have micro-blade and contour. The processing objects for ultra-precision grinding are mainly brittle and hard metal materials, semiconductor materials, ceramics, glass, and the like. After grinding, the surface to be machined leaves a large number of extremely fine grinding marks, the residual height is extremely small, and the micro-blade sliding, rubbing and polishing effects can obtain a machined surface with high precision and low surface roughness. Precision grinding can produce cylindrical parts with a roundness of 0.01 μm, a dimensional accuracy of 0.1 μm and a surface roughness of Ra 0.005 μm.
c. Ultra-precision grinding
Ultra-precision grinding includes mechanical grinding, chemical mechanical grinding, floating grinding, elastic emission processing, and magnetic grinding. The key conditions for ultra-precision grinding are virtually vibration-free grinding motion, precise temperature control, a clean environment, and a small, uniform abrasive. The ultra-precision grinding process has a spherical surface of 0.025 μm and a surface roughness Ra of 0.003 μm.
d. Ultra-precision special processing
Ultra-precision special processing mainly includes laser beam processing, electron beam processing, ion beam processing, micro-EDM processing, fine electrolytic processing and electrolytic grinding, ultrasonic electrolytic processing, ultrasonic electrolytic grinding, ultrasonic electric spark and other composite processing. Laser and electron beam processing can achieve punching, precision cutting, forming and cutting, etching, lithography exposure, processing laser anti-counterfeiting marks; ion beam processing can achieve atomic and molecular level cutting; micro-discharge machining can achieve extremely fine Metal material removal, processing of fine axes, holes, slit planes and curved surfaces; fine electrolytic machining can achieve nanometer precision, and the surface does not produce machining stress, often used for mirror polishing, mirror thinning and some require stress-free processing. occasion.
The countries with leading edge in ultra-precision machining technology are the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. The ultra-precision processing technology in these countries is not only high in overall set, but also highly commercialized. The United States did not develop ultra-precision cutting technology for diamond tools in the 1950s, called "SPDT technology" (SinglePointDia-mondTurning) or "micro-inch technology" (1 micro-inch = 0.025μm), and developed the corresponding air bearing spindle super Precision machine tools for processing laser nuclear fusion mirrors, tactical missiles and spherical and aspherical large parts for manned spacecraft. The Cranfield Institute of Precision Engineering (CUPE), affiliated to the Cranfield Institute of Technology, is a unique representative of the UK's ultra-precision machining technology. For example, Nanocentre (Nano Machining Center) produced by CUPE can perform ultra-precision turning, grinding heads and ultra-precision grinding. The shape accuracy of the workpiece can reach 0.1μm and the surface roughness Ra<10nm. Japan's research on ultra-precision processing technology started relatively late compared to the United States and Britain, but today the world's fastest-developing ultra-precision processing technology.
Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute is one of the main units for ultra-precision machining technology research in China. It has developed a variety of different types of ultra-precision machine tools, components and related high-precision test instruments, such as precision bearings with a precision of 0.025μm, JCS. -027 ultra-precision lathe, JCS-031 ultra-precision milling machine, JCS-035 ultra-precision lathe, ultra-precision lathe CNC system, copier drum processing machine, infrared high-power laser mirror, ultra-precision vibration-displacement micrometer, etc. It has a leading domestic and international advanced level. Harbin Institute of Technology has carried out fruitful research in diamond ultra-precision cutting, diamond tool crystal orientation and sharpening, and diamond micro-powder grinding online repair technology. Tsinghua University has carried out in-depth research on integrated circuit ultra-precision processing equipment, disk processing and testing equipment, micro-displacement table, ultra-precision belt grinding and grinding, ultra-precision grinding of diamond micro-grinding wheel, and non-circular cross-section ultra-precision cutting. Research and the corresponding products are available. Compared with the US and Japan, China's ultra-precision processing technology still has a lot of gaps, especially in the super-finishing of large optical and non-metallic materials. The gap between ultra-finishing efficiency and automation technology is particularly obvious.
Ultra-precision machining will be developed in the direction of high precision, high efficiency, large-scale, miniaturization, intelligence, process integration, integration of online processing and inspection, and greening.
a. High precision, high efficiency
With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the requirements for precision, efficiency and quality are getting higher and higher, and high precision and high efficiency have become the eternal theme of ultra-precision machining. Ultra-precision cutting and grinding technology can effectively improve machining efficiency. CMP and EEM technologies can guarantee machining accuracy, while semi-fixed abrasive processing methods and electrolytic magnetic grinding, magnetorheological abrasive flow processing and other composite processing methods can balance efficiency and precision. The processing method has become a trend of ultra-precision machining.
b. Large size and miniaturization
Due to the development of aerospace and other technologies, large-scale optoelectronic devices require large-scale ultra-precision processing equipment, such as the ultra-precision machining machine for large-scale optical devices with a diameter of 2.4 to 4 m developed by the United States. At the same time, with the development of micro-mechanical electronics, photoelectric information and other fields, ultra-precision processing technology to miniaturization, such as micro-sensors, micro-drive components and power devices, micro-aerospace devices, etc., require micro-super precision processing equipment.
c. Intelligent
Reducing the dependence of processing results on artificial experience with intelligent equipment has always been the goal of the manufacturing field. The degree of intelligence of processing equipment is directly related to the stability of processing and processing efficiency, which is more obvious in ultra-precision machining.
d. Process integration
Today's competition among enterprises tends to become hot, and high production efficiency is increasingly becoming a condition for enterprises to survive. In this context, there has been a call for “taking grinding and research” or even “selling with grinding”. On the other hand, the trend of using a single machine to perform a variety of machining operations (such as turning, drilling, milling, grinding, finishing) is becoming more and more obvious.
e. Online processing and detection integration
Due to the high precision of ultra-precision machining, it is necessary to develop integrated processing and inspection technology to ensure product quality and increase productivity. At the same time, due to the accuracy of the processing equipment itself, it is sometimes difficult to meet the requirements. The method of on-line detection, working condition monitoring and error compensation can improve the accuracy and ensure the processing quality.
f. Green
Abrasive processing is the main means of ultra-precision machining. The manufacture of abrasives themselves, the consumption of abrasives in processing, the energy and materials consumed in processing, and the processing fluids used in processing are extremely burdensome on the environment. China is the largest country in the production and consumption of abrasives and abrasives. It has become a top priority for developed countries and Taiwan in China to strictly control the waste liquid, exhaust gas emissions and standards of semiconductor manufacturers. To this end, researchers from various countries have conducted research on the waste liquid and waste gas recovery treatment generated by CMP processing. The green ultra-precision machining technology improves the vitality of the environment while reducing the environmental burden.
The development trend of precision machining technology for the 21st century is reflected in the following aspects:
Precision
The core of precision machining is mainly reflected in the requirements for dimensional accuracy, profiling accuracy and surface quality. The precision of the current precision EDM has been improved. The size processing requirements can reach ±2-3μm, the bottom corner R value can be less than 0.03mm, and the best machined surface roughness can be lower than Ra0.3μm. Through the use of a series of advanced processing techniques and processes, mirror processing can be achieved and EDM can be successfully completed in high-Precision Mold parts such as micro connectors, IC plastic packages, mobile phones, and CD cases.
b. Intelligent
Intelligentization is one of the development trends of manufacturing technology in the 21st century. Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (IMT) integrates artificial intelligence into all aspects of the manufacturing process. By simulating the intelligent activities of human experts, it replaces or extends part of the mental work in the manufacturing system. During the manufacturing process, the system can automatically monitor its operating status. External disturbances or internal excitations automatically adjust their parameters to achieve optimal conditions and self-organization capabilities. The new numerical control EDM machine adopts fuzzy control technology and expert system intelligent control technology. The fuzzy control technology is to monitor the state of the EDM machining gap by computer monitoring, automatically select the processing conditions that maximize the machining efficiency within the range of maintaining stable arc; automatically monitor the machining process to achieve the most stable control technology of the machining process. The expert system adopting human-machine dialogue mode can automatically create a machining program according to the processing conditions and requirements, and input the set value reasonably, and select the best processing condition combination for processing. Online automatic monitoring and adjustment of the processing process to achieve optimal control of the machining process. When the machining system detects the machining conditions, the input machining shape, electrode and workpiece material, machining position, target roughness value, electrode scaling amount, shaking mode, taper value and other indicators can be automatically calculated and configured. The application of expert system intelligence technology makes machine tool operation easier and requires less skill level for operators.
c. Automation
The successful application of automation technology not only improves efficiency, guarantees product quality, but also replaces people to complete dangerous work. For large batch production automation, it can be completed by machine tool automation modification, application of Automatic Machine tools, special combination machine tools, and automatic production lines. Small batch production automation can be done by NC, MC, CAM, FMS, CIM, IMS, etc. In the implementation of the last automation technology, people will pay more attention to the role of people in the automation system. At the same time, automation began to target small and medium-sized enterprises, taking economic and practical as the starting point to meet the ever-increasing product diversification and individualization needs. The functions of automatic measurement and alignment, automatic positioning, and continuous machining of multiple workpieces of CNC EDM machine have already exerted its automation performance. The automatic operation process does not require manual intervention, which can improve the processing accuracy and efficiency. At present, the most advanced CNC EDM machine is equipped with an electrode library and a standard electrode fixture. As long as the electrode is loaded into the tool magazine before processing and the machining program is programmed, the entire EDM process can be automated. It runs almost without manual operation. The automatic operation of the machine tool reduces the labor intensity of the operator and improves the production efficiency.
d. Efficient
The requirements of modern machining provide the best machining mode for CNC EDM technology, which requires a substantial increase in roughing and finishing efficiency under the premise of ensuring machining accuracy. For example, mobile phone casings, home appliances, electrical appliances, electronic instruments, etc., all require reduction of auxiliary time (such as programming time, electrode and workpiece positioning time, etc.), while reducing roughness, from the original Ra0.8μm to Ra0. 25μm, no need to carry out manual polishing after discharge. This not only shortens the processing time and saves the trouble of post-processing, but also improves the quality of the mold, which can be achieved by using powder processing equipment. This requires an automatic programming function that enhances the machine tool and a fixture and device for positioning the electrodes and the workpiece. The use of graphite electrode materials in the roughing of large workpieces is also a good way to improve the processing efficiency.
e. Informatization
Information, matter and energy are the three elements of a manufacturing system. With the application of computer, automation and communication network technology red manufacturing systems, the role of information is becoming more and more important. The investment in information in the manufacturing process has become a major factor in determining product costs. The essence of the manufacturing process is the process of collecting, inputting, processing and processing various information resources in the manufacturing process. The final product can be regarded as the material expression of information, so information can be regarded as an industry, including in manufacturing. Among them. To this end, some enterprises have begun to use off-the-shelf production by using network technology, computer networking, information highways, and satellite transmission data. Distribute the production network to meet the needs of high-flexibility production in the 21st century.
f. Flexible
With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the speed of product upgrading is accelerating, which requires modern enterprises to have certain production flexibility to meet the changing needs of the market. The so-called flexibility refers to the ability of a manufacturing system to adapt to changes in various production conditions, which are related to system solutions, personnel and equipment. The flexibility of the system solution refers to the degree of freedom in processing different parts. Personnel flexibility refers to the ability of the operator to ensure the processing tasks, the amount of time and time required to adapt. Equipment flexibility means that the machine can adapt to the processing capabilities of new parts in a short period of time. There are many forms of flexible manufacturing automation, such as the agile manufacturing (AM) proposed by the United States, whose main line is highly flexible production. The Independent Manufacturing Island (AMI) proposed by Professor Zhang Wei from Shanghai Tongji University is also a highly flexible production model.
g. Integration
The role of integration is to integrate multiple unit systems that were originally operating independently into a new system that works together and is more powerful. Integration is not a simple connection. It is achieved through unified planning and design, analysis of the roles and interrelationships of the original unit system and optimization and reorganization. The purpose of integration is to realize the functional integration of manufacturing enterprises. Functional integration requires technology integration through modern management technology, computer technology, automation technology and information technology, and also emphasizes human integration. Since there is no one in the system, the system runs. The effect and business management ideas, operating mechanism, and management model are all related to people. While integrating technology, we should also emphasize the integration of management and people. Integrated production will become the dominant production method for the 21st century.
Precision and ultra-precision machining development strategy
Precision and ultra-precision machining have matured over the course of decades. Whether it is ultra-precision machine tools, diamond tools, or ultra-precision machining processes, a complete set of ultra-precision manufacturing technology systems has been formed to promote higher levels of machine manufacturing. Development has laid the foundation and is now moving towards nanoscale precision or nanometer precision, and its prospects are very encouraging. With the rapid development of science and technology and increasingly fierce market competition, more and more manufacturing industries have begun to invest a large amount of human, financial and material resources into the research and implementation strategies of advanced manufacturing technologies and advanced manufacturing models.
1. Integration and the use of innovative ideas
Precision and ultra-precision machining technology is an important means of developing science and technology, so it has been widely valued by countries all over the world, so it constantly gains new results, but because its requirements are at the limit of precision, traditional, single technology often It is difficult to break through, and it is necessary to comprehensively use information technology to integrate and reorganize through integration and analysis to further meet higher requirements.
Precision Machining Technology is a systematic project that integrates the results of machine tools, tools, metrology, numerical control, materials, and environmental control. It is used in a comprehensive manner for different processing objects and different design requirements. Ultra-precision machining technology is also gradually developed under the conditions of various technical support, and at the same time, it is often enriched and improved by taking new achievements of various technologies. Ultra-precision machining technology is inseparable from innovation every step of the way, which is determined by the location of ultra-precision machining technology, because this technology is always at the forefront of development. The need for rapid development has determined that it must innovate.
2. Advanced manufacturing mode application
The manufacturing model refers to the form and operation mode of the enterprise system, operation, management, production organization and technical system.
a. agile manufacturing
In 1988, General Motors and Lehigh University proposed agile manufacturing (AM). AM is prospering in an unpredictable and constantly changing competitive environment, and has a rapid response to the product and service-driven market that customers demand. Production mode. The characteristics of AM are:
1 Inter-enterprise integration. Give full play to the strengths of each company and work together to achieve the goal of limiting the market.
2 has a high degree of manufacturing flexibility. Manufacturing flexibility refers to the rapid manufacturing of the manufacturer's requirements for rapid market conversion and the realization of multiple varieties of products.
3 Give full play to the role of people, continuously improve the quality and education level of enterprise employees, and optimize the distribution of human-computer functions.
b. Virtual manufacturing
Virtual Manufacturing (VM) is a new concept proposed internationally. VM is closely related to AM. The characteristics of the VM are: when new opportunities arise in the market, organize several related companies to reorganize and coordinate the work of different companies and factories in different locations. Before running, it is necessary to analyze whether the combination is optimal, whether it can be coordinated, and the benefits and risks after commissioning. This joint company is called a virtual company. The virtual company runs through a virtual manufacturing system. Therefore, research and development of virtual manufacturing technology (VMT) and virtual manufacturing system (VMS) is of great significance. The United States calls AM the manufacturing development strategy of the 21st century.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
a. Ultra-precision cutting
Ultra-precision cutting begins with SPDT technology, which is supported by air bearing spindles, pneumatic slides, high rigidity, high precision tools, feedback control and ambient temperature control to achieve nanometer surface roughness. It is widely used in diamond tool milling, and is widely used in copper planar and aspheric optical components, plexiglass, plastic products (such as camera plastic lenses, contact lens lenses, etc.), ceramics and composite materials processing. The future trend is to use coating technology to improve the wear of diamond tools in the process of hardening steel. In addition, the processing of tiny parts such as MEMS components requires small tools. At present, the size of small tools can reach 50-100μm. However, if the processing geometry is sub-micron or even nano-scale, the tool diameter must be further reduced. The development trend is to use nano-materials. For example, carbon nanotubes are used to make turning tools or milling cutters with ultra-small tool diameters.
b. Ultra-precision grinding
Ultra-precision grinding is a mirror grinding method developed on the basis of general precision grinding. The key technology is the dressing of diamond grinding wheel, which makes the abrasive grain have micro-blade and contour. The processing objects for ultra-precision grinding are mainly brittle and hard metal materials, semiconductor materials, ceramics, glass, and the like. After grinding, the surface to be machined leaves a large number of extremely fine grinding marks, the residual height is extremely small, and the micro-blade sliding, rubbing and polishing effects can obtain a machined surface with high precision and low surface roughness. Precision grinding can produce cylindrical parts with a roundness of 0.01 μm, a dimensional accuracy of 0.1 μm and a surface roughness of Ra 0.005 μm.
c. Ultra-precision grinding
Ultra-precision grinding includes mechanical grinding, chemical mechanical grinding, floating grinding, elastic emission processing, and magnetic grinding. The key conditions for ultra-precision grinding are virtually vibration-free grinding motion, precise temperature control, a clean environment, and a small, uniform abrasive. The ultra-precision grinding process has a spherical surface of 0.025 μm and a surface roughness Ra of 0.003 μm.
d. Ultra-precision special processing
Ultra-precision special processing mainly includes laser beam processing, electron beam processing, ion beam processing, micro-EDM processing, fine electrolytic processing and electrolytic grinding, ultrasonic electrolytic processing, ultrasonic electrolytic grinding, ultrasonic electric spark and other composite processing. Laser and electron beam processing can achieve punching, precision cutting, forming and cutting, etching, lithography exposure, processing laser anti-counterfeiting marks; ion beam processing can achieve atomic and molecular level cutting; micro-discharge machining can achieve extremely fine Metal material removal, processing of fine axes, holes, slit planes and curved surfaces; fine electrolytic machining can achieve nanometer precision, and the surface does not produce machining stress, often used for mirror polishing, mirror thinning and some require stress-free processing. occasion.
The countries with leading edge in ultra-precision machining technology are the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. The ultra-precision processing technology in these countries is not only high in overall set, but also highly commercialized. The United States did not develop ultra-precision cutting technology for diamond tools in the 1950s, called "SPDT technology" (SinglePointDia-mondTurning) or "micro-inch technology" (1 micro-inch = 0.025μm), and developed the corresponding air bearing spindle super Precision machine tools for processing laser nuclear fusion mirrors, tactical missiles and spherical and aspherical large parts for manned spacecraft. The Cranfield Institute of Precision Engineering (CUPE), affiliated to the Cranfield Institute of Technology, is a unique representative of the UK's ultra-precision machining technology. For example, Nanocentre (Nano Machining Center) produced by CUPE can perform ultra-precision turning, grinding heads and ultra-precision grinding. The shape accuracy of the workpiece can reach 0.1μm and the surface roughness Ra<10nm. Japan's research on ultra-precision processing technology started relatively late compared to the United States and Britain, but today the world's fastest-developing ultra-precision processing technology.
Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute is one of the main units for ultra-precision machining technology research in China. It has developed a variety of different types of ultra-precision machine tools, components and related high-precision test instruments, such as precision bearings with a precision of 0.025μm, JCS. -027 ultra-precision lathe, JCS-031 ultra-precision milling machine, JCS-035 ultra-precision lathe, ultra-precision lathe CNC system, copier drum processing machine, infrared high-power laser mirror, ultra-precision vibration-displacement micrometer, etc. It has a leading domestic and international advanced level. Harbin Institute of Technology has carried out fruitful research in diamond ultra-precision cutting, diamond tool crystal orientation and sharpening, and diamond micro-powder grinding online repair technology. Tsinghua University has carried out in-depth research on integrated circuit ultra-precision processing equipment, disk processing and testing equipment, micro-displacement table, ultra-precision belt grinding and grinding, ultra-precision grinding of diamond micro-grinding wheel, and non-circular cross-section ultra-precision cutting. Research and the corresponding products are available. Compared with the US and Japan, China's ultra-precision processing technology still has a lot of gaps, especially in the super-finishing of large optical and non-metallic materials. The gap between ultra-finishing efficiency and automation technology is particularly obvious.
Ultra-precision machining will be developed in the direction of high precision, high efficiency, large-scale, miniaturization, intelligence, process integration, integration of online processing and inspection, and greening.
a. High precision, high efficiency
With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the requirements for precision, efficiency and quality are getting higher and higher, and high precision and high efficiency have become the eternal theme of ultra-precision machining. Ultra-precision cutting and grinding technology can effectively improve machining efficiency. CMP and EEM technologies can guarantee machining accuracy, while semi-fixed abrasive processing methods and electrolytic magnetic grinding, magnetorheological abrasive flow processing and other composite processing methods can balance efficiency and precision. The processing method has become a trend of ultra-precision machining.
b. Large size and miniaturization
Due to the development of aerospace and other technologies, large-scale optoelectronic devices require large-scale ultra-precision processing equipment, such as the ultra-precision machining machine for large-scale optical devices with a diameter of 2.4 to 4 m developed by the United States. At the same time, with the development of micro-mechanical electronics, photoelectric information and other fields, ultra-precision processing technology to miniaturization, such as micro-sensors, micro-drive components and power devices, micro-aerospace devices, etc., require micro-super precision processing equipment.
c. Intelligent
Reducing the dependence of processing results on artificial experience with intelligent equipment has always been the goal of the manufacturing field. The degree of intelligence of processing equipment is directly related to the stability of processing and processing efficiency, which is more obvious in ultra-precision machining.
d. Process integration
Today's competition among enterprises tends to become hot, and high production efficiency is increasingly becoming a condition for enterprises to survive. In this context, there has been a call for “taking grinding and research” or even “selling with grinding”. On the other hand, the trend of using a single machine to perform a variety of machining operations (such as turning, drilling, milling, grinding, finishing) is becoming more and more obvious.
e. Online processing and detection integration
Due to the high precision of ultra-precision machining, it is necessary to develop integrated processing and inspection technology to ensure product quality and increase productivity. At the same time, due to the accuracy of the processing equipment itself, it is sometimes difficult to meet the requirements. The method of on-line detection, working condition monitoring and error compensation can improve the accuracy and ensure the processing quality.
f. Green
Abrasive processing is the main means of ultra-precision machining. The manufacture of abrasives themselves, the consumption of abrasives in processing, the energy and materials consumed in processing, and the processing fluids used in processing are extremely burdensome on the environment. China is the largest country in the production and consumption of abrasives and abrasives. It has become a top priority for developed countries and Taiwan in China to strictly control the waste liquid, exhaust gas emissions and standards of semiconductor manufacturers. To this end, researchers from various countries have conducted research on the waste liquid and waste gas recovery treatment generated by CMP processing. The green ultra-precision machining technology improves the vitality of the environment while reducing the environmental burden.
The development trend of precision machining technology for the 21st century is reflected in the following aspects:
Precision
The core of precision machining is mainly reflected in the requirements for dimensional accuracy, profiling accuracy and surface quality. The precision of the current precision EDM has been improved. The size processing requirements can reach ±2-3μm, the bottom corner R value can be less than 0.03mm, and the best machined surface roughness can be lower than Ra0.3μm. Through the use of a series of advanced processing techniques and processes, mirror processing can be achieved and EDM can be successfully completed in high-Precision Mold parts such as micro connectors, IC plastic packages, mobile phones, and CD cases.
b. Intelligent
Intelligentization is one of the development trends of manufacturing technology in the 21st century. Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (IMT) integrates artificial intelligence into all aspects of the manufacturing process. By simulating the intelligent activities of human experts, it replaces or extends part of the mental work in the manufacturing system. During the manufacturing process, the system can automatically monitor its operating status. External disturbances or internal excitations automatically adjust their parameters to achieve optimal conditions and self-organization capabilities. The new numerical control EDM machine adopts fuzzy control technology and expert system intelligent control technology. The fuzzy control technology is to monitor the state of the EDM machining gap by computer monitoring, automatically select the processing conditions that maximize the machining efficiency within the range of maintaining stable arc; automatically monitor the machining process to achieve the most stable control technology of the machining process. The expert system adopting human-machine dialogue mode can automatically create a machining program according to the processing conditions and requirements, and input the set value reasonably, and select the best processing condition combination for processing. Online automatic monitoring and adjustment of the processing process to achieve optimal control of the machining process. When the machining system detects the machining conditions, the input machining shape, electrode and workpiece material, machining position, target roughness value, electrode scaling amount, shaking mode, taper value and other indicators can be automatically calculated and configured. The application of expert system intelligence technology makes machine tool operation easier and requires less skill level for operators.
c. Automation
The successful application of automation technology not only improves efficiency, guarantees product quality, but also replaces people to complete dangerous work. For large batch production automation, it can be completed by machine tool automation modification, application of Automatic Machine tools, special combination machine tools, and automatic production lines. Small batch production automation can be done by NC, MC, CAM, FMS, CIM, IMS, etc. In the implementation of the last automation technology, people will pay more attention to the role of people in the automation system. At the same time, automation began to target small and medium-sized enterprises, taking economic and practical as the starting point to meet the ever-increasing product diversification and individualization needs. The functions of automatic measurement and alignment, automatic positioning, and continuous machining of multiple workpieces of CNC EDM machine have already exerted its automation performance. The automatic operation process does not require manual intervention, which can improve the processing accuracy and efficiency. At present, the most advanced CNC EDM machine is equipped with an electrode library and a standard electrode fixture. As long as the electrode is loaded into the tool magazine before processing and the machining program is programmed, the entire EDM process can be automated. It runs almost without manual operation. The automatic operation of the machine tool reduces the labor intensity of the operator and improves the production efficiency.
d. Efficient
The requirements of modern machining provide the best machining mode for CNC EDM technology, which requires a substantial increase in roughing and finishing efficiency under the premise of ensuring machining accuracy. For example, mobile phone casings, home appliances, electrical appliances, electronic instruments, etc., all require reduction of auxiliary time (such as programming time, electrode and workpiece positioning time, etc.), while reducing roughness, from the original Ra0.8μm to Ra0. 25μm, no need to carry out manual polishing after discharge. This not only shortens the processing time and saves the trouble of post-processing, but also improves the quality of the mold, which can be achieved by using powder processing equipment. This requires an automatic programming function that enhances the machine tool and a fixture and device for positioning the electrodes and the workpiece. The use of graphite electrode materials in the roughing of large workpieces is also a good way to improve the processing efficiency.
e. Informatization
Information, matter and energy are the three elements of a manufacturing system. With the application of computer, automation and communication network technology red manufacturing systems, the role of information is becoming more and more important. The investment in information in the manufacturing process has become a major factor in determining product costs. The essence of the manufacturing process is the process of collecting, inputting, processing and processing various information resources in the manufacturing process. The final product can be regarded as the material expression of information, so information can be regarded as an industry, including in manufacturing. Among them. To this end, some enterprises have begun to use off-the-shelf production by using network technology, computer networking, information highways, and satellite transmission data. Distribute the production network to meet the needs of high-flexibility production in the 21st century.
f. Flexible
With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the speed of product upgrading is accelerating, which requires modern enterprises to have certain production flexibility to meet the changing needs of the market. The so-called flexibility refers to the ability of a manufacturing system to adapt to changes in various production conditions, which are related to system solutions, personnel and equipment. The flexibility of the system solution refers to the degree of freedom in processing different parts. Personnel flexibility refers to the ability of the operator to ensure the processing tasks, the amount of time and time required to adapt. Equipment flexibility means that the machine can adapt to the processing capabilities of new parts in a short period of time. There are many forms of flexible manufacturing automation, such as the agile manufacturing (AM) proposed by the United States, whose main line is highly flexible production. The Independent Manufacturing Island (AMI) proposed by Professor Zhang Wei from Shanghai Tongji University is also a highly flexible production model.
g. Integration
The role of integration is to integrate multiple unit systems that were originally operating independently into a new system that works together and is more powerful. Integration is not a simple connection. It is achieved through unified planning and design, analysis of the roles and interrelationships of the original unit system and optimization and reorganization. The purpose of integration is to realize the functional integration of manufacturing enterprises. Functional integration requires technology integration through modern management technology, computer technology, automation technology and information technology, and also emphasizes human integration. Since there is no one in the system, the system runs. The effect and business management ideas, operating mechanism, and management model are all related to people. While integrating technology, we should also emphasize the integration of management and people. Integrated production will become the dominant production method for the 21st century.
Precision and ultra-precision machining development strategy
Precision and ultra-precision machining have matured over the course of decades. Whether it is ultra-precision machine tools, diamond tools, or ultra-precision machining processes, a complete set of ultra-precision manufacturing technology systems has been formed to promote higher levels of machine manufacturing. Development has laid the foundation and is now moving towards nanoscale precision or nanometer precision, and its prospects are very encouraging. With the rapid development of science and technology and increasingly fierce market competition, more and more manufacturing industries have begun to invest a large amount of human, financial and material resources into the research and implementation strategies of advanced manufacturing technologies and advanced manufacturing models.
1. Integration and the use of innovative ideas
Precision and ultra-precision machining technology is an important means of developing science and technology, so it has been widely valued by countries all over the world, so it constantly gains new results, but because its requirements are at the limit of precision, traditional, single technology often It is difficult to break through, and it is necessary to comprehensively use information technology to integrate and reorganize through integration and analysis to further meet higher requirements.
Precision Machining Technology is a systematic project that integrates the results of machine tools, tools, metrology, numerical control, materials, and environmental control. It is used in a comprehensive manner for different processing objects and different design requirements. Ultra-precision machining technology is also gradually developed under the conditions of various technical support, and at the same time, it is often enriched and improved by taking new achievements of various technologies. Ultra-precision machining technology is inseparable from innovation every step of the way, which is determined by the location of ultra-precision machining technology, because this technology is always at the forefront of development. The need for rapid development has determined that it must innovate.
2. Advanced manufacturing mode application
The manufacturing model refers to the form and operation mode of the enterprise system, operation, management, production organization and technical system.
a. agile manufacturing
In 1988, General Motors and Lehigh University proposed agile manufacturing (AM). AM is prospering in an unpredictable and constantly changing competitive environment, and has a rapid response to the product and service-driven market that customers demand. Production mode. The characteristics of AM are:
1 Inter-enterprise integration. Give full play to the strengths of each company and work together to achieve the goal of limiting the market.
2 has a high degree of manufacturing flexibility. Manufacturing flexibility refers to the rapid manufacturing of the manufacturer's requirements for rapid market conversion and the realization of multiple varieties of products.
3 Give full play to the role of people, continuously improve the quality and education level of enterprise employees, and optimize the distribution of human-computer functions.
b. Virtual manufacturing
Virtual Manufacturing (VM) is a new concept proposed internationally. VM is closely related to AM. The characteristics of the VM are: when new opportunities arise in the market, organize several related companies to reorganize and coordinate the work of different companies and factories in different locations. Before running, it is necessary to analyze whether the combination is optimal, whether it can be coordinated, and the benefits and risks after commissioning. This joint company is called a virtual company. The virtual company runs through a virtual manufacturing system. Therefore, research and development of virtual manufacturing technology (VMT) and virtual manufacturing system (VMS) is of great significance. The United States calls AM the manufacturing development strategy of the 21st century.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
c. Integrated manufacturing
Dr. Harrington of the United States proposed the concept of Computer and Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) in the book Computer and Integrated Manufacturing. The core content of integrated manufacturing is: manufacturing companies from the market forecast, product design, processing and manufacturing, business management and after-sales service is an inseparable whole, need to be considered. The essence of the entire manufacturing process is the process of information collection, transmission and processing. The final product produced can be regarded as the material expression of information. Integration is the core of CIM. This integration is not only the integration of objects, but also the integration of technology and function integration characterized by information integration. The computer is an integrated tool. The computer and auxiliary unit technologies are the basis of integration, information exchange. It is a bridge, and information sharing is the key. The purpose of integration is to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure and operation mode of the enterprise, so as to improve the dynamic response speed of the industry to market changes, and pursue the highest overall efficiency and long-term benefits.
d. Intelligent manufacturing
Intelligent Manufacturing (IM) was first proposed in the US Publishing Research IM and IMS books. It is characterized by a highly flexible and highly integrated approach in all aspects of the manufacturing industry, through computer and simulation of intelligent activities of human experts for analysis, judgment, reasoning, conception and decision making, in order to replace or extend the people in the manufacturing environment. Part of the mental work, and the collection, storage, improvement, sharing, inheritance and development of human experts' manufacturing intelligence. The purpose of manufacturing intelligence is to model the skills of manufacturing workers and human expert knowledge through integrated knowledge engineering, manufacturing software systems, robot vision and robotic control, so that intelligent machines can be produced in small batches without human intervention.
e. Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is also known as environmentally conscious manufacturing and environmentally oriented manufacturing. That is, a modern manufacturing model that takes into account environmental impacts and resource consumption. The goal is to minimize waste and harmful emissions throughout the life cycle of design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal, with minimal negative impact on the environment, health-free, and highest resource utilization. The economic and social benefits of enterprises are higher.
Conclusion
Precision and ultra-precision machining is one of the most important development directions of modern machinery manufacturing. It plays a vital role in improving the performance, quality and development of high-tech products, and has become a success in international competition. Key technology. China's manufacturing industry has entered a stage of rapid development. Chinese private enterprises have sufficient economic strength to modernize their enterprises. The introduction of advanced equipment and the influx of a large number of professionals have led to rapid improvement in manufacturing levels in many coastal areas. With the scientific and democratic progress of national decision-making, it is believed that China's manufacturing industry will develop more quickly and healthily.
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